Ga が(1)

Particle indicating: the subject or object for specific verb or adjective.

If the subject is contrasted with other things, or if only partial information about the subject is given, wa replaces ga.

1. After subject just introduced/recognized
この人鈴木さんです。彼は高校の先生です。
Kono hito ga Suzuki-san desu. Kare wa koukou no sensei desu.
This is Mr. Suzuki. He is a high school teacher.
信号の向こうにガソリンスタンドあります。
Shingou no mukou ni gasorin sutando ga arimasu.
There’s a gas station on the other side of the traffic signal.
とても美味しいにおいします。
Totemo oishii nioi ga shimasu.
It smells very delicious.

2. After stressed subject
それをします。
Watashi ga sore o shimasu.
I’ll do it. (Let me do it./ I should do it.)

3. After interrogatve
そんなに面白いですか。
Nani ga sonna ni omoshiroi desu ka.
What is so funny?

4. After subject in a relative clause
買ったカメラは日本製です。
Watashi ga katta kamera wa nihon sei desu.
The camera I bought is Japanese-made.

5. After subject in a subordinate clause
洋子来たら教えてください。
Youko ga kitara oshiete kudasai.
When Yoko comes, please tell me.
降れば行くのをやめます。
Ame ga fureba iku no o yamemasu.
If it rains, I’ll give up going.

6. After object of verb/adjective expressing possession, existence, ability, necessity, desire, emotion, or sensation
今お金ぜんぜんありません。
Ima o-kane ga zenzen arimasen.
I have no money now.
日本語できますか。
Nihongo ga dekimasu ka.
Can you speak Japanese?
もっと自由時間ほしい。
Motto jiyuu jikan ga hoshii.
I want much more free time.
本当のこと知りたい。
Hontou no koto ga shiritai.
I want to know the truth.
日本の食べ物の中ではすし一番好きです。
Nihon no tabemono no naka dewa sushi ga ichiban suki desu.
Of Japanese food I like sushi best.

-> See also: hoshii, no, wa