Ni に

Particle meaning: at, in, on, for, from, to, toward, per, in order to (do), and. 

It also indicates the object of specific verbs, the indirect object, the agent in passive voice, the person who is caused to do something, a result describing the subject or object, or regret. Moreover, it takes adjectival nouns into adverbs (used only in modifying verbs). 

1. After noun expressing time 

何時電話をくれましたか。」 「六時しました。」 

“Nan ji ni denwa o kuremashita ka.” ”Roku ji ni shimashita.” 

”(At) what time did you give me a call?” ”I called at six.” 

来週の日曜日京都へ行きます。 

Raishuu no nichiyoubi ni kyouto e ikimasu. 

I’ll go to Kyoto (on) next Sunday. 

夏休み外国に行こうか考えています。 

Natsu yasumi ni gaikoku ni ikou ka to kangaete imasu. 

I’m thinking of going abroad for summer vacation. 

2. After noun expressing location/existence/state 

(usually used with iru/aru except when expressing occurrence of an event) 

「彼女は今どこいますか。」 「あそこいます。」 

“Kanojo wa ima doko ni imasu ka.” ”Asoko ni imasu.” 

“Where is she now?” ”She is over there.” 

加藤さんは広島住んでいます。 

Katou-san wa Hiroshima ni sunde imasu. 

Mr. Kato lives in Hiroshima. 

郵便局は図書館の左側あります。 

Yuubinkyoku wa toshokan no hidari gawa ni arimasu. 

The post office is to the left of the library. 

3. After noun expressing direction/destination 

彼は今朝飛行機でバンコク向かいました。 

Karera wa kesa hikouki de bankoku ni mukaimashita. 

They left for Bangkok by plane this morning. 

私の別荘は面しています。 

Watashi no bessou wa umi ni menshite imasu. 

My cottage faces the sea. 

変な虫がいる。 

Kabe ni hen-na mushi ga iru. 

A strange insect is on the wall. 

荷物は置いてください。 

Nimotsu wa tana ni oite kudasai. 

Please put your baggage on the shelf. 

4. After noun expressing purpose 

彼女はデパートへ買い物行きました。 

Kanojo wa depaato e kaimono ni ikimashita. 

She went to the department store to shop. 

彼は香港へ旅行行った。 

Kare wa honkon e ryokou ni itta. 

He has gone on a trip to Hong Kong. 

あなたは遊びお金を使いすぎます。 

Anata wa asobi ni o-kane o tsukaisugimasu. 

You spend too much money on play. 

5. Between two nouns 

私の好きな食べ物は野菜です。 

Watashi no suki-na tabemono wa sakana ni yasai desu. 

My favorite foods are fish or vegetables. 

6. After conjunctive form of verb 

(Usually used with iku or kuru) 

「映画を行きませんか。」 「いいですね。」 

“Eiga o mi ni ikimasen ka.” ”Ii desu ne.” 

“Wouldn’t you (like to) go and see a movie?” ”That would be nice.” 

カメラを買い来たんですが。 

Kamera o kai ni kita n desu ga. 

I came to buy a camera, but… (will you help me?) 

7. After object of verb 

さっき本屋でトム会いました。 

Sakki honya de tomu ni aimashita. 

I met Tom at a book store a while ago. 

この質問答えてください。 

Kono shitsumon ni kotaete kudasai. 

Please answer this question. 

彼女もう電話しましたか。 

Kanojo ni mou denwa shimashita ka. 

Have you called her yet? 

この作品は独創力欠ける。 

Kono sakuhin wa dokusouryoku ni kakeru. 

This work lacks originality. 

8. After indirect object expressing a recipient 

私はあの本を上げました。 

Watashi wa kare ni ano hon o agemashita. 

I gave him that book. 

毎週フランク日本語を教えています。 

Maishuu furanku ni Nihongo o oshiete imasu. 

I teach Frank Japanese every week. 

9. After agent in passive sentence 

犬がはねられた。 

Inu ga kuruma ni hanerareta. 

A dog was hit by a car. 

10. After noun expressing giver, followed by morau 

この絵はがきは神田さんもらいました。 

Kono ehagaki wa kanda-san ni moraimashita. 

I got this picture postcard from Ms. Kanda. 

11. After the agent in pattern te-morau 

その仕事は手伝ってもらった。 

Sono shigoto wa kare ni tetsudatte moratta. 

I got him to help me with the work. 

12. After noun expressing person who is let/made to do something in a causative sentence 

それを説明させてください。 

Watashi ni sore o setsumei sasete kudasai. 

Please let me explain it. 

13. After (adjectival) noun describing the subject 

彼は働きすぎて病気なった。 

Kare wa hatarakisugite byouki ni natta. 

He overworked and became ill. 

私は建築家なりたいです。 

Watashi wa kenchikuka ni naritai desu. 

I want to be an architect. 

14. After noun describing the object of verb 

この小麦粉はクッキーします。 

Kono komugiko wa kukkii ni shimasu. 

I’ll make this flour into cookies. 

このお金をドル換えてください。 

Kono o-kane o doru ni kaete kudasai. 

Please change this money into dollars. 

15. After noun expressing opportunity/occasion 

子供の誕生日ファミコンを買ってやった。 

Kodomo no tanjoubi ni famikon o katte yatta. 

I bought my child a computer video game for her birthday. 

16. After noun expressing length/quantity 

ミーティングは三回開かれる。 

Miitingu wa nen ni san kai hirakareru. 

The meeting is held three times a year. 

三人一人がが車検合格した。 

San nin ni hitori ga shiken ni goukaku shita. 

One person out of three passed the examination. 

17. After noun expressing a field of interest/ability 

私はクラシック音楽興味があります。 

Watashi wa kurashikku ongaku ni kyoumi ga arimasu. 

I have an interest in classical music. 

18. After noun expressing reason/cause for a mental state 

彼の話は飽きてしまいました。 

Kare no hanashi ni wa akite shimaimashita. 

I completely tired of his talk. 

19. After noun expressing criterion for comparison/judjment 

外国比べると日本人はよく働くといわれる。 

Gaikoku ni kuraberu to nihonjin wa yoku hataraku to iwareru. 

It is said that the Japanese work hard compared with (people of) foreign countries. 

この日本語の本は一年生難し過ぎる。 

Kono Nihongo no hon wa ichinensei ni wa muzukashi sugiru. 

This Japanese book is too difficult for first year students. 

20. After darou/deshou to express regret 

開けラメなければうまく行くでしょう。 

Akiramenakereba umaku iku deshou ni. 

If you don’t give up, it will go well. 

21. Used as a suffix to change adjectival noun into adverbial 

彼ならそれはできます。 

Kare nara sore wa raku ni dekimasu. 

He can do it easily (I assure you). 

彼女は積極的手伝ってくれます。 

Kanojo wa sekkyoku teki ni tetsudatte kuremasu. 

She will enthusiastically help us. 


-> See also: de, e, tame, to, to ka, Adjectival nouns (2) 

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